SALEM WITCH TRIALS

What was the Salem Witch Trials? Who were the accusers and who were the victims?

Introduction

Witch- hunts can come in many shapes and forms. In human nature, when we need answers for things now, this instant! we tend to look for something or someone to blame, especially when we don’t understand what is happening. In some cases when people don’t’ get the answers that are convenient for them to accept then it has been common practice to choose the path of looking for a scapegoat. In life scapegoats, can be victims of witch hunts. Facts can be distorted, and things have been said, that is totally and rationally ludicrous for any sound minded man to take as the truth. No matter how high in status a person is or what role in society they play, they can permit innocent people to be used in a similar way to pacify a crisis of where no answers can be logically found. It happened throughout history, it still happens now.

In Salem village, (present-day known Danvers) in Massachusetts, between February 1692 till May 1693, there was a series of witch trials which led to the executions of six men and fourteen women. On top of this number, five people died in prison including two small children. All the executions, except one, was death by hanging, as one man was pressed to death.

Also Young, from Windsor in Connecticut, is the earliest record person who was convicted and executed for witchcraft in the New World (America). In these times, people were very superstitious, from the failure of their crops to grow to an unexplained illness. The knowledge we have now wasn’t available to them. Sin played a role in all that went wrong, and witchcraft played role in the unexplained and foul play.

In our generation, technology plays a big part in our lives. In the 17th century, spiritual beliefs were huge influences in people’s lives, it wasn’t a case of having a faith as part their life, and still making rational choices in respect of one’s belief, their faith was their life. If something went against their doctrine, then it became heresy against God, and in their eyes had to be serious consequences.

Background

Salem was not the happiest place to reside in, people could argue over land, money and religion. The new Reverend Samuel Parris, who was elected in 1688, wanted a new church in Salem, rather than go to a church outside of their village. Apart from the support of a Thomas Putnam, he had little help from the Villagers. Having a church in their village meant the people's taxes would be doubled, and not many wanted that. There was always disputes over the ministers salary never mind the cost of their own church. Most ministers did not stay long, due to the same problem. George Burroughs, being one of those ministers, left Salem as he was given no salary, and ending up getting into debt. When he was taken to court due to being unable to pay certain debts back to Samuel Parris, George explained to the court that if he was being paid as a minister he wouldn’t be in this position, this humiliated Samuel Parris in court, and left resentment there, before George left Salem. George would later be among those, who was accused of witchcraft, he never formally ordained by the Purists, and this made him a target to his enemies.

By 1691, Reverend Samuel Parris was not getting a salary so again there was a lot of friction in the village. In the Samuel Parris household, there was His wife Elizabeth, his daughters Elizabeth and Susannah and his niece Abigail Williams, there was also a slave girl from Barbados, Tituba and her husband.

Allegations

The Salem hysteria began, in the household of the Reverend Parris, starting with his daughter Elizabeth and his niece Abigail Williams. It appears both girls along with some friends from the village, had to go astray from their faith and started playing with fortune cards and having a curiosity to find out future husbands. It was said they used an object called a "Venus glass", which allowed them to observe the shape of an egg white as it floated in a glass of water. In the water, the egg white would resemble a shape or symbol depicting their futures.

In the January both Girls began displaying behaviour and ailments that could not be explained. There were times they couldn’t sleep; their bodies would fidget as if being nipped or bitten by someone that was invisible. Elizabeth barked like a dog. There were also times, in which they ran around rooms flailing their arms, ducking under chairs, and trying to climb up the chimney. When things couldn’t be explained by the village doctor, William Griggs, then witchcraft would then be given as the reason for the unexplained behaviour they were displaying.

The reverend Samuels ordered his whole community to fast and prayers, however, the girl’s behaviour continued. Their fits were unpredictable, and they could go from days to weeks before another episode could happen, and even now in our modern age, it is hard to quite understand or to make an interpretation of what was the truth in what was going on with these children.

Puritans household was very deeply religious, and even in our era, would be seen as a deep effect on a young person’s mind their religious beliefs and customs. What happened here. did not stay with the reverends two daughters, its appeared other children in the community were beginning to display the same behaviour, and now it was in the household of Thomas Putnam also.

Mercy Lewis was a young girl living as a servant in the household of a Thomas Putnam, in Salem village. Thomas had eleven children of his own all told. One of which was Anne Putnam, Anne and Mercy were amongst those who were afflicted, liken to the Reverend Samuel’s children. Most of Thomas Putnam family, including his wife, were behind allot of the witchcraft allegations. No information or medical history was recorded on the mental state of Mercy Lewis during the Salem Witch Trials. However, it was reported that Mercy suffered had from episodes of seizures.

Years previous, to living in Salem, Mercy’s parents had died due to an Indian attack, leaving her an orphan in 1689 and later in that same year her grandparents were killed, Mercy had also lived in the household of the previous reverend George Burroughs. In a neighbouring town in York there had been news of Indian attacks, this seems to may set a trigger off in Mercy Lewis and other female members of the same family. The infliction of whatever was happening to these children and young people seemed to be now spreading.

There was an old folklore method of finding a witch, that the Reverend’s slave Tituba claimed she learned from a Mary Sibley (nee Walcott). Tituba thought she was helping, but later she did confess that without the knowledge of her master tried using this method. In that February, she used some of the victim’s urine and mixed it in a cake, the cake was then fed to a dog, and that dog would point the way to a guilty party. These ideas obviously didn’t come from the Puritan's theology but from a culture that believes in magic. The reverend Samuels was angered, as in his eyes it was using evil to find evil. It was said the Reverend Parris beat Tituba until she confessed herself a witch to be using such methods,

Not all in Salem believed, that it was all down to witchcraft the children’s behaviours, some thought it could be poison. That they could be hallucinating due to contaminated food or substance they may have eaten. Sometimes these the children’s had could be triggered by even a visitor, to their household, so it was speculated if all their fits could have been faked. However, speaking out loud on this would later make them targets themselves

Tituba soon became a scapegoat to what seemed to be happening to the afflicted girls. Tituba was dark skinned and resembled their native American enemies. What aggravated things more, was other young girls from the village began being inflicted, and it seemed they too, were pointing the finger at her also. The younger girl’s accusations could not be accepted or used in a court of law. Abigail Williams was only eleven years old, Elizabeth Parris her cousin was only ten, however, the older girls could because they were seen as adults. Witnesses were now coming from other households liken to Mercy Lewis.

Legal action was taken against Tituba. However, no-one could ever predict the events that would unfold which would lead to the death of at least twenty people.

Accusations

Two magistrates, a John Hathorne and a Jonathan Corwin came from a nearby town to Salem village. They were brought in to manage the questioning of the accusers. These magistrates tried their best to get a confession out of Tituba. Tituba was the first to be accused of witchcraft, and the first one to confess. Tituba explained ashes didn’t think she was doing wrong by trying to help the girls in finding what was wrong with them.

In open court, packed tightly with the village folk of Salem spectating, was the afflicted the girls, who were displaying behaviour in the court of being affected by Tituba’s presence there. The afflicted girls then began repeating out loud Tituba words in courtroom liken to an echo but in their own voices, as if possessed. Maybe Tituba snapped in fear, however, next move was she brought forward more names of people she claimed to be fellow witches. Tituba said there was a book that belonged to the Devil, with more witch’s name in it. The whole courtroom was in shock, not only was evil found in their Reverends home but they're beginning to be a panic in the whole community that witches could be at large.

The two magistrates did not have the authority to pass sentence but could place suspects in custody. Tituba was put in custody along with two women that she has named as witches, a Sarah Good, and a Sarah Osborne. Both Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne denied being witches. Tituba then went on to mention another nine women.

The first three woman accused, were social outcasts in the village, however, when a Martha Corey was amongst the names of the other nine accused, of being a witch, this was a shock to the community. Martha Corey was a good upstanding church woman. The village then began to believe anyone of them could be witches. The Afflicted Girls whom themselves were accusing said That Martha’s spectre shape would torment them, as a spectre, A spectre was said to be likened to a ghost image of a person, that devil would take these shapes of the person the devil is working with. The more Martha tried to defend herself when questioned, the more entangled she becomes in what she was being accused of. Martha’s husband Giles tried his best to defend his wife, however, he himself would eventually be executed. Giles would die, due to being pressed with heavy stones on top of his very aged body in order to get a confession from him, in which they did not get. Martha would later amongst others to be executed on 22nd September 1692.

It was getting to the stage now, that the wild stories the afflicted children were giving were being believed, and it was a case anyone could be next to be accused, even by acting a little bit odd is suspicious. It was well and truly a witch hunt that was spreading, and by the end of April 1692, there were six more people brought in, bringing the jail numbers up to ten prisoners all being accused of witchcraft.

Sarah Good’s family was in debt, and she was reduced to begging, for food, clothes and work. Sarah Good was classed as filthy and had a poor reputation in the village, people who would turn away from her, said they would hear her muttering things under her breath. When Sarah was brought in the asked her what did she muttering she replied that she was saying the ten commandments, she asked to recite one, she couldn’t. Sarah goods, the four-year-old daughter was even in prison with her. Even having a family member of an accused could lead to you being accused yourself. Prisoners were stripped and searched for marks signs of being a witch.

Some people felt to avoid being targeted for being a witch, they would need to accuse another person. Like was the case of Margaret Jacobs, who was one of the first accusers to recant her confession. Margaret was among those who accused George Burroughs and even went on to accuse her own grandfather George Jacobs, which led to his execution. However, Margaret had a conscious and her guilt got to her, so she recanted her accusation, and then found herself in sitting jail waiting for execution for recanting.

John Proctor was next to be accused, initially, it was his wife Elizabeth who was accused, but when John defended his wife in shock and disbelief to these accusations, he was chiefly accused by Abigail Williams and then his servant Mary Warren. Mary Warren made accusations saying Proctor had beat her when she for putting up a prayer bill before forcing her to touch the Devil's Book. Proctor continued to challenge the veracity of spectral evidence and the validity of the “Court of Oyer and Terminer,” which led to a petition signed by thirty-two neighbours in his favour. The signatories stated that Proctor had lived a “Christian life in his family and was ever ready to help such as they stood in need. While Proctor and his wife were still in jail, the sheriff seized all of their household belongings. The cattle were sold cheaply, slaughtered, or shipped to the West Indies. The beer barrels at the tavern were emptied. Their children were left with no means of support. Proctor would be hanged on 19th August 1692. Elizabeth, who was then pregnant was spared due to being with child.

Trials

The witch hunt was now turned into a crisis in Salem village. The local jails were now getting overcrowded with people who were accused of Witchcraft. On May 27th, 1692, a special court was ordered by the governor and jurors of so-called distinguished men from around the county. Those accused of witchcraft must defend themselves, which must have been very hard, as no answer or defence is the right answer. Unless you just confess to being a witch.

When one of the accusers gave evidence against a Bridget Bishop, her accuser then began having fits in front of her, saying Bridget’s ‘presence was affecting her in the courtroom. The Girl accusing then went on to say that Bridget’s spirit was stabbing her with pins. Then others who were in the courtroom who had accused others of witchcraft began mimicking the fitting and having bizarre seizures just like the girl on the stand. Bridget was alone and had no defence. Bridget was the first among the accused to get the death sentence. It seemed unless you confess to being a witch once you were accused, your life would not be spared. Bridget Bishop was hanged on the 10th June 1692, at the age of sixty.

Many spectators came to visit Salem to purely watch the witch trials; The Putnam family would sit at the front of the courtroom which may have given them a sense of importance in it all. George Burroughs trial was much the same as Bridget’s. Burroughs has done his best in maintaining his innocence and he even challenged the concept of Spectres, which ended up upsetting the members of the jury. George Burroughs was sentenced to be executed, but before his execution, he recited the Lords Prays to the onlooking crowd and those who watch on started to re-think or maybe felt uncomfortable with what was truly happening in their village. Saying the lords pray is something that a witch cannot do in their school of thought. Cotton Mathers, while mounted on his horse, addressed the onlooking crowd, telling them that even Satan can come as an angel of light and that George was no ordained minister. George Burroughs was executed on 19th August 1692, at the age of forty.

By late 1692, many people began to have the courage to question the judges of the court's methods, in retrieving a confession. On October 18th, 1692, A Francis Dane, Thomas Barnard, and twenty-three others wrote a letter to the governor and to the General Court publicly condemning the witch trials. Francis knew being a reverend would not save him, one only had to look at the fate of George Burroughs for that. Two of Francis Dane's daughters, Elizabeth Dane Johnson and Abigail Dane Faulkner, and his daughter-in-law, Deliverance Dane, were all were arrested. Abigail Dane Faulkner's two daughters, Abigail Faulkner and Dorothy Faulkner, were also accused of witchcraft. However, they did survive their trials and did not lose their life through it all. In October, a political figure Thomas Brattle wrote to the church, judging the methods also used, and spoke how some of the judges contradicted themselves. This letter, however, did have some impact. Later on October 3rd, 1692: The Rev. Increase Mather, President of Harvard College and father of Cotton Mather, denounces the use of spectral evidence. and there would be consequences to false accusations’. Eight children that were being held in custody, were released on ₤2500 bail. By October 29th, 1692, Governor Phips prohibits further arrests, releases many of the accused from prison, and dissolves the” Court of Oyer and Terminer”.

The last trial that was held in Salem was in May 1693. People were still in jails being held on witchcraft charges and needed a hearing. In 1693, the Salem Witch Trials ended. Five years down the line in Salem, a day of public fasting was made, for forgiveness for the now acknowledged innocent that was put to death.

AFTERMATH

In time to come, people didn’t stop believing in witches, but the legal system stopped bringing people to court for being accused of witchcraft. It cost innocent people their lives and liberty. Even today centuries later people’s imagination and curiosity are drawn into this period in history, Salem is now a popular place for tourist due to this event.

Since the Salem Witch trials, Historians, and people from all walks of life have tried to piece together what happened in this village, using documents and transcripts, writing from people who were witnesses in the trials. It is open to interpretation into what is thought to have happened in this small village. One would ask the nature of this community of Puritans to be so quick in believing the evidence of such wild allegations than challenging its source.

Did these people have more pleasure in punishment and using the rod, than practising the act of love and forgiveness, and rehabilitating. Has the world truly changed in its approach on its judgement to things? Or is anything that is not understood still could be targeted verbally to liken to a witch-hunt

WHO WAS WHO IN THE SALEM WITCHCRAFT TRIALS

NAME NOTES

BENJAMIN ABBOT

BENJAMIN WAS ONE OF THE ACCUSERS

CAPT. JOHN ALDEN JR

JOHN WAS INVOLVED IN A NUMBER OF SCANDALS AND CONTROVERSIES, WHICH FEATURED HEAVILY IN HIS TRIAL FOR WITCHCRAFT BUT SURVIVED THE WITCH TRIAL PERIOD

MARY BLACK

MARY WAS A SLAVE OF AFRICAN DESCENT IN THE HOUSEHOLD OF NATHANIEL PUTNAM
WAS ACCUSED BUT SURVIVED

SARAH BIBBER

B.1656
SARAH WAS BOTH AN ACCUSER OF WITCHCRAFT, AS WELL AS BEING ACCUSED OF BEING A WITCH HERSELF.
TESTIFIED UNDER OATH AGAINST 15 PEOPLE ACCUSED OF WITCHCRAFT.

BRIDGET BISHOP

LIFETIME 1632 — JUNE 10TH, 1692
THE FIRST PERSON EXECUTED FOR WITCHCRAFT DURING THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS
WAS ACCUSED OF BEWITCHING FIVE YOUNG WOMEN, ABIGAIL WILLIAMS, ANN PUTNAM, JR., MERCY LEWIS, MARY WALCOTT, AND ELIZABETH HUBBARD,

EDWARD BISHOP

EDWARD ONE OF THE FOUNDERS OF THE FIRST CHURCH OF BEVERLY (MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY) IN 1667
HE WAS INVOLVED IN THE WITCHCRAFT HYSTERIA OF 1692. LIVING IN SALEM AT THIS TIME

ELIZABETH BOOTH

ELIZABETH WAS BORN IN1674
SHE WAS ONE OF THE ACCUSERS DURING THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS
MOST OF HER COURT PROCEEDINGS REFERENCED THE PROCTORS. THAT HELPED LEAD TO THE HANGINGS OF JOHN PROCTOR AND WILMOT REDD,

MARY (NÉE PERKINS)

BRADBURY

LIFETIME SEPTEMBER 3RD1615 – DECEMBER 20TH, 1700)
MARY CAME FROM ENGLAND IN 1631, WITH HER FAMILY ON THE SHIP THE "LYON" FROM BRISTOL.
MARY WAS ACCUSED OF ASSUMING ANIMAL FORMS;
SHE WAS FOUND GUILTY OF PRACTICING MAGIC AND SENTENCED TO BE EXECUTED.
THROUGH THE ONGOING EFFORTS OF HER FRIENDS, HER EXECUTION WAS DELAYED.
AFTER THE WITCH DEBACLE HAD PASSED, SHE WAS RELEASED. BY SOME ACCOUNTS SHE WAS ALLOWED TO ESCAPE. OTHERS CLAIM SHE BRIBED HER JAILER. ANOTHER ACCOUNT CLAIMS THAT HER HUSBAND BRIBED THE JAILER

THOMAS BRATTLE

LIFETIME JUNE 20TH, 1658 – MAY 18,TH 1713
THOMAS BRATTLE WROTE A LETTER TO AN ENGLISH CLERGYMAN WHICH WAS CRITICAL OF THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS. THE LETTER WAS CIRCULATED WIDELY IN BOSTON AT THE TIME, AND IT CONTINUES TO BE STUDIED FOR ITS REASONED ATTACK ON THE WITCHCRAFT TRIALS IN SALEM. ALTHOUGH BRATTLE’S LETTER WAS WRITTEN AFTER 20 PEOPLE WERE ALREADY WRONGFULLY CONVICTED, HIS POWERFUL LETTER HELPED SHAPE THE FUTURE OF SALEM.

GEORGE BURROUGHS

LIFETIME 1652 – AUGUST 19TH, 1692)
EXECUTED FOR WITCHCRAFT
ARRESTED ON CHARGES OF WITCHCRAFT ON APRIL 30TH, 1692
ONLY MINISTER EXECUTED FOR WITCHCRAFT DURING THE COURSE OF THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS.

CANDY

AFRO-BARBADIAN SLAVE, BELONGING TO MARGARET HAWKES OF SALEM TOWN, WHO WAS ACCUSED OF WITCHCRAFT
ON JULY 1, 1692, JOHN PUTNAM, JR. AND THOMAS PUTNAM ACCUSED BOTH HAWKES AND CANDY OF TORMENTING ANN PUTNAM, JR., MARY WALCOTT, AND MARY WARREN
UPON INTERROGATION, SHE "ADMITTED" TO BEING A WITCH, BUT TURNED ON HER OWNER, CLAIMING THAT HAWKES HAD TURNED HER INTO A WITCH, AND FORCED HER TO SIGN THE DEVIL'S BOOK.
SHE WAS ONE OF THREE SLAVES, ALONG WITH TITUBA AND MARY BLACK, TO BE ACCUSED

MARTHA INGALLS CARRIER

D. 9TH AUGUST 1692
MARTHA WAS ACCUSED OF WITCHCRAFT BY HER NEIGHBOUR BENJAMIN ABBOT AFTER HE FELL SICK AND BLAMED HIS ILLNESS ON HER BEWITCHING HIM
ARRESTED ON 28 MAY 1692 ALONG WITH HER SISTER MARY AND BROTHER-IN-LAW ROGER TOOTHAKER, AND THEIR DAUGHTER MARGARET TOOTHAKER, SHE WAS THE MOTHER OF RICHARD CARRIER
MARTHA'S YOUNG CHILDREN WERE SENT TO PRISON WITH HER
ONE LOCAL WITNESS COMPLAINED THAT MARTHA’S CRAFT CAUSED HIM TO LOSE A FISTFIGHT TO HER SON RICHARD. SEVERAL OTHER WOMEN WHO WERE ACCUSED CONFESSED THAT MARTHA HAD LED THEM TO PRACTICE WITCHCRAFT

RICHARD CARRIER

LIFETIM JULY 19TH, 1674 – NOVEMBER 17TH, 1749
RICHARD CARRIER AND HIS 7-YEAR-OLD SISTER SARAH TESTIFIED AGAINST THEIR MOTHER ON THE ACCUSATION OF WITCHCRAFT. HE, HOWEVER, WAS TORTURED BEFORE HIS TESTIMONY BY HANGING HIM BY HIS HEELS "UNTIL THE BLOOD WAS READY TO COME OUT OF HIS NOSE" OR UNTIL HE SAID WHAT HIS INTERROGATORS WANTED TO HEAR.

RACHEL CLINTON

LIFETIME 1629 – 1694/95
SURVIVOR OF THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS.
FROM THIS POINT ON RACHEL WAS FORCED TO BEG FOR MONEY TO SUPPORT HERSELF AND IT IS AT THIS STAGE IN HER LIFE THAT ALLEGATIONS OF WITCHCRAFT BEGIN TO APPEAR
ALLEGATIONS WERE MADE BY A MARY FULLER THAT RACHEL HAD CAUSED THE DEATH OF A NEIGHBOUR SIMPLY BY PASSING HER BY

GILES COREY

LIFETIME SEPTEMBER 11TH, 1611 – SEPTEMBER 19TH, 1692
GILES WAS ACCUSED OF WITCHCRAFT, COREY REFUSED TO ENTER A PLEA OF GUILTY OR NOT GUILTY. HE WAS SUBJECTED TO EXECUTION BY PRESSING IN AN EFFORT TO FORCE HIM TO PLEAD
HE LIVED IN SALEM SINCE 1640
GILES COREY WAS ARRESTED ON APRIL 18, 1692, ALONG WITH MARY WARREN, HE WAS ACCUSED BY MERCY LEWIS

MARTHA COREY

LIFETIME 1619 OR 1620 – SEPTEMBER 22, 1692
MARTHA WAS THE WIFE OF GILES COREY
SHE WAS OUTSPOKEN IN HER BELIEF THAT THE ACCUSERS WERE LYING, AND UPON HEARING THIS, TWO YOUNG GIRLS ANN PUTNAM JR. AND MERCY LEWIS PROMPTLY ACCUSED HER OF WITCHCRAFT.
MARTHA WAS EXECUTED BY HANGING

JONATHAN CORWIN

LIFE-TIME NOVEMBER 14TH, 1640 – JUNE 9, 1718
JONATHAN WAS KNOWN AS ONE OF THE JUDGES INVOLVED IN THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS
JONATHAN HELD HEARINGS IN EARLY MARCH 1692 IN WHICH TESTIMONY WAS GATHERED FROM TITUBA, SARAH GOOD, AND SARAH OSBORNE, THE FIRST THREE WOMEN ACCUSED OF BEING WITCHES

SARAH BIBBER

SARAH ONE OF MANY WOMEN ACCUSED OF WITCHCRAFT

DELIVERANCE DANE

D. JUNE 15TH, 1735.
DELIVERANCE WAS ONE OF MANY WOMEN ACCUSED OF WITCHCRAFT, BUT SURVIVED THE TRIALS
HER HUSBAND, NATHANIEL DANE, WAS THE SON OF REV. FRANCIS DANE

REV. FRANCIS DANE

LIFETIME 20TH NOVEMBER 1615 – 17 FEBRUARY 1697
ON OCTOBER 18th, 1692, DANE, THOMAS BARNARD, AND TWENTY-THREE OTHERS WROTE A LETTER TO THE GOVERNOR AND TO THE GENERAL COURT PUBLICLY CONDEMNING THE WITCH TRIALS.

THOMAS DANFORTH

LIFETIME NOVEMBER 20TH, 1623 – NOVEMBER 5TH, 1699
THOMAS WAS ACTING GOVERNOR DURING THE EARLY MONTHS OF THE WITCH HYSTERIA IN SALEM
HIS NAME APPEARS ONCE IN THE SALEM COURT RECORDS AS PART OF A COUNCIL WHICH OBSERVED THE PROCEEDINGS ON APRIL 11TH 1692

REBECCA BLAKE EAMES

LIFETIME FEBRUARY 1ST, 1641 - MAY 8, 1721
REBECA WAS EXAMINED AGAIN ON AUGUST 31ST, 1692 BY JOHN HATHORNE AND JONATHAN CORWIN
SHE REPEATED HER CONFESSION AND IMPLICATION OF HER SON DANIEL AS A WIZARD AND HER CONFESSION OF AFFLICTING TIMOTHY SWAN. SHE ALSO IMPLICATED "TOOTHAKER WIDOW" MARGARET TOOTHAKER AND ABIGAIL FAULKNER AS FELLOW WITCHES
SHE WAS TRIED AND CONVICTED ON SEPTEMBER 17, WITH NINE OTHERS. THEY WERE ALL CONDEMNED TO DIE. REBECCA EAMES REMAINED IN SALEM PRISON. ON DECEMBER 5, SHE SUBMITTED A PETITION TO GOVERNOR PHIPS RETRACTING HER "FALSE AND UNTRUE" CONFESSION, SAYING SHE HAD BEEN "HURRIED OUT OF MY SENSES" BY ABIGAIL HOBBS AND MARY LACEY WHO HAD SAID SHE WOULD BE HANGED IF SHE DID NOT CONFESS.
HER HUSBAND, ROBERT EAMES, DIED ON JULY 22, 1693, FOUR MONTHS AFTER HIS WIFE'S RELEASE FROM PRISON.

MARY EASTEY

LIFETIME AUGUST 24TH, 1634 – SEPTEMBER 22, 1692
MARY WAS EXECUTED BY HANGING IN SALEM.

ABIGAIL FAULKNER

LIFETIME OCTOBER 13TH, 1652 – FEBRUARY 5TH, 1730
ABIGAIL WAS ACCUSED OF WITCHCRAFT
ACCUSED OF WITCHCRAFT BY NEIGHBOURS WHO CLAIMED SHE HAD “AFFLICTED” THEIR CHILDREN
ON AUGUST 11, SHE WAS ARRESTED AND TAKEN TO SALEM, WHERE SHE WAS INTERROGATED BY JONATHAN CORWIN, JOHN HATHORNE AND CAPTAIN JOHN HIGGINSON.
ON SEPTEMBER 8, HER SISTER-IN-LAW, DELIVERANCE DANE, CONFESSED TO WITCHCRAFT UNDER EXAMINATION,

ANN FOSTER

LIFETIME 1617 – DECEMBER 3RD, 1692
WIDOW ACCUSED OF WITCHCRAFT
ANN DIED IN THE SALEM JAIL ON DECEMBER 3RD, 1692, AGED AROUND 75, AFTER 21 WEEKS OF IMPRISONMENT

BARTHOLOMEW GEDNEY

LIFETIME JUNE 14TH, 1640 – FEBRUARY 28, 1698
BARTHOLOMEW BEST KNOWN AS ONE OF THE MAGISTRATES IN THE SALEM WITCHCRAFT TRIALS.
MERCHANT, PHYSICIAN, MILITARY OFFICER, AND NATIVE OF SALEM,
GEDNEY WAS PRESENT AT SEVERAL OF THE EXAMINATIONS AND LATER SERVED AS A MEMBER OF THE COURT OF OYER AND TERMINER.
HIS FATHER WAS ONE OF THE EARLY FOUNDERS JOHN GEDNEY

DOROTHY GOOD

DOROTHY WAS THE DAUGHTER OF WILLIAM GOOD AND SARAH
BOTH DOROTHY AND HER MOTHER WERE ACCUSED OF PRACTICING WITCHCRAFT IN SALEM
YOUNGEST PERSON ACCUSED OF WITCHCRAFT (FOUR YEARS OLD)
DOROTHY WAS IN CUSTODY FROM MARCH 24, 1692.
SHE WAS RELEASED ON BOND FOR £50 ON DECEMBER 10, 1692.

SARAH GOOD

LIFETIME JULY 21ST1653 – JULY 29TH, 1692)
SARAH'S EXECUTION BY HANGING
SHE WAS DESCRIBED BY THE PEOPLE OF SALEM AS BEING FILTHY, BAD-TEMPERED AND STRANGELY DETACHED FROM THE REST OF THE VILLAGE.
THE TRIAL WAS MARCH 25, 1692

WILLIAM GRIGGS

WILLIAM WAS A DOCTOR IN THE VILLAGE
WILLIAM GRIGGS WAS IN CHARGE OF DIAGNOSING AND DETERMINING HOW "MUCH" OF A WITCH THE ACCUSED WERE AND HE WOULD THEN SEND THEM TO BE TRIED, OFTEN FOUND GUILTY, AND EXECUTED.

JOHN HALE

LIFETIME JUNE 3RD, 1636 – MAY 15TH1700
JOHN WAS A PURITAN PASTOR OF BEVERLY, MASSACHUSETTS,
JOHN AS A CHILD, HAD WITNESSED THE EXECUTION OF MARGARET JONES, THE FIRST OF 15 PEOPLE TO BE EXECUTED FOR WITCHCRAFT IN NEW ENGLAND
HE WAS PRESENT AT THE EXAMINATIONS AND TRIALS OF VARIOUS PEOPLE WHO WERE ACCUSED OF WITCHCRAFT IN THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS OF 1692, AND SUPPORTED THE WORK OF THE COURT.
HOWEVER HIS OPINION CHANGED WHEN HIS OWN WIFE WAS ACCUSED OF WITCH CRAFT, THIS ACCUSATION HELPED TO CHANGED THE PUBLICS OPINION ALSO.

JOHN HATHORNE

LIFETIME AUGUST 1641 – MAY 10TH, 1717
JOHN HAD EARLY AND VOCAL ROLE AS ONE OF THE LEADING JUDGES IN THE WITCH TRIALS

GEORGE HERRICK

LIFETIME 1658–1695
GEORGE "MARSHAL" FOR THE COURT OF OYER AND TERMINER DURING THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS.
GEORGE HERRICK PRESENTED THE COURT WITH HIS OWN PETITION ON DECEMBER 8, 1692; BEGGING THE MAGISTRATES TO PAY HIM "OVERTIME" WAGES FOR THE HARD WORK HE HAD DONE DURING THE TRIALS.

ABIGAIL HOBBS

ABIGAIL WAS A GIRL OF ABOUT 14 TO 16 YEARS OLD WHEN SHE WAS ARRESTED FOR WITCHCRAFT ON APRIL 18, 1692
ABIGAIL CONFESSED AND ACCUSED OTHERS OF WITCHCRAFT, INCLUDING JOHN PROCTOR. AT HER TRIAL IN SEPTEMBER, SHE PLEADED GUILTY TO BOTH INDICTMENTS AGAINST HER, ONE FOR AFFLICTING MERCY LEWIS[AND ANOTHER FOR COVENANTING WITH THE DEVIL. IN HER EXAMINATION ON APRIL 20, 1692, ABIGAIL HOBBS ACCUSED GEORGE BURROUGHS, THE PREVIOUS MINISTER OF SALEM, OF BEING A WITCH
GOVERNOR WILLIAM PHIPS GRANTED THE HOBBS FAMILY A REPRIEVE IN JANUARY 1693

DORCAS HOAR

LIFETIME 1634 – JULY 12TH, 1711
DORCAS WAS A WIDOW ACCUSED OF WITCHCRAFT DURING THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS
WITH THE SUPPORT OF SEVERAL MINISTERS, WAS GIVEN A TEMPORARY REPRIEVE AFTER WHICH THE TRIALS HAD ALREADY ENDED.

ELIZABETH HOWE

LIFETIME 1635–JULY 19TH, 1692
ELIZABETH WAS EXECUTED FOR WITCHCRAFT
MERCY LEWIS, ANNE PUTNAM AND MARY WALCOTT

ELIZABETH HUBBARD

ELIZABETH WAS ONE OF THE ORIGINAL GIRLS TO BEGIN THE SALEM WITCHCRAFT ACCUSATIONS, AND SHE CONTINUED TO BE A LEADING ACCUSER
HUBBARD EXPERIENCED HER FIRST RECORDED FIT ON FEBRUARY 1, 1692
ORPHANED MAIDSERVANT TO DR. WILLIAM GRIGGS, WHO PURCHASED HUBBARD FROM BOSTON

GEORGE JACOBS

LIFETIME FEBRUARY 13TH, 1609- AUGUST 19TH1692
GEORGE WAS EXECUTED FOR WITCHCRAFT AND HANGED
ACCUSED BY HIS OWN GRANDAUGHTER MARGARET JACOBS

MARGARET JACOBS

MARGARET WAS THE GRANDAUGHTER OF GEORGE JACOBS

REVEREND DEODAT LAWSON

DEODAT WAS A MINISTER OF SALEM VILLAGE FROM 1684 TO 1688
AFTER HEARING ABOUT THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS IN 1692, HE RETURNED IN MARCH OF THAT YEAR TO FIND OUT WHAT WAS HAPPENING
HIS COURTROOM OBSERVATIONS FROM MARCH AND APRIL WERE RECORDED IN A 10-PAGE PAMPHLET ENTITLED A BRIEF AND TRUE NARRATIVE OF SOME REMARKABLE PASSAGES RELATING TO SUNDRY PERSONS AFFLICTED BY WITCHCRAFT, AT SALEM VILLAGE

MERCY LEWIS

LIFETIME 1674/75 – 17??
MERCY HAD BEEN PLACED AS A SERVANT IN THE HOUSEHOLD OF REV. GEORGE BURROUGHS
IN 1691SHE BECAME A SERVANT IN THOMAS PUTNAM'S HOUSEHOLD
PLAYED A CRUCIAL ROLE DURING THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS, ACCUSED ELIZABETH PROCTOR AND MARY EASTEY'S AMONGST OTHERS

SUSANNAH MARTIN

LIFETIME SEPTEMBER 30TH, 1621 – JULY 19TH, 1692
ONE OF FOURTEEN WOMEN EXECUTED FOR WITCHCRAFT
IN 1669, WAS DISMISSED BY A COURT, OF ACCUSATIONS OF WITCHCRAFT
JOSEPH AND JARVIS RING, HAD NAMED SUSANNAH A WITCH AND STATED SHE HAD ATTEMPTED TO RECRUIT THEM INTO WITCHCRAFT.
COTTON MATHER COUNTERED SUSANNAH'S DEFENSE BY STATING IN EFFECT THAT THE DEVIL'S SERVANTS WERE CAPABLE OF PUTTING ON A SHOW OF PERFECT INNOCENCE AND GODLINESS.

COTTON MATHER

LIFETIME FEBRUARY 12TH, 1663 – FEBRUARY 13TH, 1728;
COTTON MATTER IS REMEMBERED TODAY FOR HIS VIGOROUS SUPPORT FOR THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS. AND WRITTEN ACCOUNTS OF THE TRIALS
IN 1689, HE PUBLISHES "MEMORABLE PROVIDENCES, RELATING TO WITCHCRAFTS AND POSSESSIONS",[1] WHICH INCLUDES HIS ACCOUNT OF THE GOODWINS AND GLOVER. WITCH TRIAL IN1688
HE WAS A PURITAN MINISTER,
COTTON WROTE A LETTER KNOWN AS "THE RETURN OF SEVERAL MINISTERS CONSULTED", WHICH URGED CAUTION BUT FAILED TO DENOUNCE THE USE OF "SPECTRAL EVIDENCE".

INCREASE MATHER

LIFETIME JUNE 21ST, 1639 – AUGUST 23, 1723
PURITAN MINISTER
FATHER OF COTTON OF MATHER

THOMAS MAULE

LIFETIME MAY 3RD, 1645 – JULY 2ND, 1724
THOMAS MAULE WAS INSTRUMENTAL IN BUILDING THE FIRST KNOWN QUAKER MEETING HOUSE
MAULE BELIEVED IN WITCHES, AND HIS WIFE NAOMI TESTIFIED AGAINST THE WOMAN WHO WOULD BECOME THE FIRST PERSON EXECUTED DURING THE TRIALS, BRIDGET BISHOP
HOWEVER, HE GREW INCREASINGLY DISSATISFIED WITH THE PEOPLE OF SALEM AND HOW THE MANNER IN WHICH THE TRIALS WERE CONDUCTED.
HE PUBLISHED A PAMPHLET TITLED TRUTH HELD FORTH AND MAINTAINED, IN WHICH HE PUBLICLY CRITICIZED THE PURITAN LEADERS FOR THEIR GROSS MISMANAGEMENT OF THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS.

REV. NICHOLAS NOYES II

LIFETIME DECEMBER 22ND, 1647- DECEMBER 13TH, 1717
NICHOLAS WAS A COLONIAL MINISTER DURING THE TIME OF THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS

REBECCA NURSE

LIFETIME FEBRUARY 21ST, 1621 – JULY 19TH, 1692
WHEN REBECCAH NURSE WAS ACCUSED OF WITCHCRAFT, A PETITION IN HER DEFENSE WAS SIGNED BY 39 OF HER NEIGHBOURS,
HER TRIAL BEGAN ON JUNE 30, 1692
DEATH EXECUTION BY HANGING
IN 1706, HER ACCUSER, ANN PUTNAM, JR., GAVE A PUBLIC CHURCH CONFESSION UPON ENTERING THE SALEM VILLAGE CONGREGATION. SHE EXPRESSED GREAT REMORSE FOR HER ROLE AGAINST REBECCA AND HER TWO SISTERS, MARY EASTEY AND SARAH CLOYCE,

SARAH OSBORNE

LIFETIME1643 – DIED MAY 10TH, 1692)
SARAH WAS ONE OF THE FIRST WOMEN TO BE ACCUSED OF WITCHCRAFT
SHE MOVED WITH HER HUSBAND TO SALEM VILLAGE IN 1662
ACCUSED BY ELIZABETH (BETTY) HUBBARD
SHE DIED IN PRISON

ALICE PARKER,

D. 22ND SEPTEMBER 1692
ALICE WAS EXECUTED FOR WITCHCRAFT

MARY (NÉE AYER) PARKER

D SEPTEMBER 22ND, 1692
MARY WAS 55 YEARS OLD AND A WIDOW.
HER DAUGHTER, SARAH PARKER, WAS ALSO ACCUSED
MARY PARKER WAS AN 8TH GREAT-GRANDMOTHER OF U.S. PRESIDENT GEORGE W. BUSH,
EXECUTION BY HANGING

ELIZABETH PARRIS

LIFETIME NOVEMBER 28TH, 1682 – MARCH 21, 1760
ELIZABETH WAS ONE OF THE YOUNG WOMEN WHO WAS AN ACCUSERS

REVEREND SAMUEL PARRIS

LIFETIME1653 – FEBRUARY 27, 1720
PURITAN MINISTER IN SALEM, MASSACHUSETTS DURING THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS
FATHER OF ELIZABETH PARRIS, UNCLE TO ABIGAIL WILLIAMS

SIR WILLIAM PHIPS

LIFETIME FEBRUARY 2ND, 1651 – FEBRUARY 18TH 1695
WILLIAM IS PERHAPS BEST REMEMBERED FOR ESTABLISHING, AND LATER OVER-RULING AND DISBANDING, THE COURT ASSOCIATED WITH THE INFAMOUS SALEM WITCH TRIALS.

ELIZABETH PROCTOR

LIFETIME1652 – UNKNOWN
ELIZABETH OF JOHN PROCTOR
ELIZABETH’S GRANDMOTHER WAS A MIDWIFE AND QUAKER, WHO WAS BELIEVED TO HAVE BEEN A WITCH BECAUSE ELIZABETH HAD SKILLS IN CARING, THEY BELIEVED MAYBE SHE WAS WITCH ALSO
HER EXECUTION SENTENCE WAS POSTPONED BECAUSE SHE WAS PREGNANT
IN 1693 THE NEW GOVERNOR, SIR WILLIAM PHIPS, FREED 153 PRISONERS, INCLUDING ELIZABETH.

JOHN PROCTOR

LIFETIME MARCH 30TH, 1632 – AUGUST 19, 1692
JOHN WAS HANGED FOR BEING ACCUSED AND CONVICTED FOR WITCHCRAFT.
HE CAME TO AMERICA IN APRIL 1635 ON SHIP CALLED THE “SUSAN AND ELLEN”

ANN PUDEATOR

LIFETIME1621- SEPTEMBER 22ND, 1692
ANNE WAS EXECUTED BY HANGING.
ALLEGATIONS WERE MADE BY MARY WARREN, ONE OF THE SO-CALLED "AFFLICTED GIRLS
HER OTHER ACCUSERS WERE ANN PUTNAM, JR., JOHN BEST, SR., JOHN BEST, JR., AND SAMUEL PICKWORTH
ANN'S SON THOMAS TESTIFIED AGAINST GEORGE BURROUGHS AT HIS TRIAL FOR WITCHCRAFT.

ANN PUTNAM

LIFETIME OCTOBER 18TH 1679 – 1716
ANNE WAS AN IMPORTANT WITNESS AT THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS (ACCUSER)
DAUGHTER OF THOMAS PUTNAM

THOMAS PUTNAM

LIFETIME 1652-1699
THOMAS WAS A SIGNIFICANT ACCUSER IN THE WITCH TRIALS
HE WAS A FATHER OF ANNE PUTNAM

WILMOT REDD

LIFETIME D. SEPTEMBER 22ND, 1692
WILMOT WAS EXECUTED BY HANGING
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION TOOK PLACE ON MAY 31ST, 1692, AT NATHAN INGERSOLL'S HOUSE IN SALEM VILLAGE.

JOHN RICHAR

D. APRIL 2ND, 1694
MAGISTRATE, BEST KNOWN FOR HIS PARTICIPATION IN THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS IN 1692.
RICHARDS WAS APPOINTED AT A SPECIAL COURT OF OYER AND TERMINER

NATHANIEL SALTONSTALL

LIFETIME 1639 – 1707
NATHANIEL JUDGE FOR THE COURT OF OYER AND TERMINER, A SPECIAL COURT ESTABLISHED IN 1692 FOR THE TRIAL AND SENTENCE OF PEOPLE, MOSTLY WOMEN, FOR THE CRIME OF WITCHCRAFT

MARGARET SCOTT

LIFETIME 1615 - OCTOBER 2ND, 1692 SEPTEMBER 22ND, 1692
SHE WAS PART OF THE LAST GROUP TO BE EXECUTED
MARGARET'S PRIMARY ACCUSERS WERE THE TWO MOST PROMINENT FAMILIES IN ROWLEY, THE NELSONS AND THE WYCOMBS
MARGARET'S EXAMINATION TOOK PLACE ON AUGUST 5TH, 1692
HER TRIAL TOOK PLACE IN SEPTEMBER. ON SEPTEMBER 15TH

SAMUEL SEWALL

LIFETIME MARCH 28TH, 1652 – JANUARY 1, 1730
JUDGE, BUSINESSMAN, AND PRINTER IN THE PROVINCE OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY
ONE OF THE NINE JUDGES APPOINTED TO THE COURT OF OYER AND TERMINER IN SALEM, TRIALS, HE LATER REGRETTED HIS ROLE, GOING SO FAR AS TO CALL FOR A PUBLIC DAY OF PRAYER, FASTING, AND REPARATIONS
SAMUEL'S DIARY RECOUNTS MANY OF THE MORE FAMOUS EPISODES OF THE TRIALS, SUCH AS THE AGONIZING DEATH UNDER TORTURE OF GILES COREY, AND REFLECTS THE GROWING PUBLIC UNEASE ABOUT THE GUILT OF MANY OF THE ACCUSED.

SAMUEL SEWALL

LIFETIME MARCH 28TH, 1652 – JANUARY 1, 1730
SAMUEL WAS A JUDGE, BUSINESSMAN, AND PRINTER IN THE PROVINCE OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY
HE WAS BEST KNOWN FOR HIS INVOLVEMENT IN THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS, FOR WHICH HE LATER APOLOGIZED

SUSANNAH SHELDON

SUSSANAH WAS ONE OF THE CORE GROUP OF ALLEGEDLY AFFLICTED GIRLS

WILLIAM STOUGHTON

LIFETIME 1631 – JULY 7TH, 1701
WILLIAM WAS IN CHARGE WITCH TRIALS, JUDGE
FIRST AS THE CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE SPECIAL COURT OF OYER AND TERMINER IN 1692, AND THEN AS THE CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE SUPERIOR COURT OF JUDICATURE IN 1693. IN THESE TRIALS HE CONTROVERSIALLY ACCEPTED SPECTRAL EVIDENCE (BASED ON SUPPOSED DEMONIC VISIONS

TITUBA

TITUBA WAS THE FIRST TO BE ACCUSED OF PRACTICING WITCHCRAFT
SHE WAS A SLAVE FROM BARBADOS AND WAS SLAVE IN THE HOUSEHOLD OF SAMUEL PARRIS
TITUBA CONFESSED AND WAS NOT AMONG THOSE WHO WERE EXECUTED.
TITUBA ADMITTED TO BEING THE "DEVIL'S SERVANT". SHE STATED THAT A TALL MAN DRESSED ALL IN BLACK CAME TO THEM, DEMANDING THEY SIGN THEIR NAMES IN A GREAT BOOK. ALTHOUGH INITIALLY REFUSING, TITUBA SAID, SHE EVENTUALLY WROTE HER NAME, AFTER SARAH GOOD AND SARAH OSBORNE FORCED HER TO.

ROGER TOOTHAKER

LIFETIME NOVEMBER 27TH, 1634, ENGLAND – JUNE 1692
ROGER TOOTHAKER, A FARMER AND FOLK-HEALER, CLAIMED TO SPECIALIZE IN DETECTING AND PUNISHING WITCHES. FOR SEVERAL YEARS BEFORE THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS BEGAN IN 1692, TOOTHAKER HAD REPORTEDLY BRAGGED TO LOCALS THAT HE HAD TAUGHT HIS DAUGHTER, MARTHA EMERSON, WIFE OF JOSEPH EMERSON, HIS TRADE AND THAT SHE HAD KILLED A WITCH.
HE WAS ONE OF THE VICTIMS OF THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS WHO DIED IN PRISON.

SAMUEL WARDWELL

LIFETIME MAY 16TH, 1643 - SEPTEMBER 22ND, 1692
SAMUEL WAS EXECUTED BY HANGING
WILLIAM BAKER, JR., 14 YEARS OLD, ACCUSED SAMUEL AND HIS WIFE SARAH, ALONG WITH THEIR 19-YEAR-OLD DAUGHTER MERCY WARDWELL OF WITCHCRAFT. ALL THREE CONFESSED THE VERY DAY THEY WERE INTERROGATED
SAMUEL WAS EXECUTED AT PROCTOR'S LEDGE IN SALEM AFTER RETRACTING A "FORCED" CONFESSION
EVENTUALLY, HIS WIDOW, SARAH WARDWELL WAS REPRIEVED AND RELEASED

MARY ANN WARREN

MARY WAS THE THE OLDEST ACCUSER DURING THE WITCH TRIALS
SHE WAS A SERVANT FOR JOHN AND ELIZABETH PROCTOR
SHE RENOUNCED HER CLAIMS AFTER BEING THREATENED TO BE HANGED, SHE WAS LATER ARRESTED FOR ALLEGEDLY PRACTICING WITCHCRAFT HERSELF BUT DID NOT CONFESS.

SARAH WILDES

LIFETIME MARCH 16, 1627 – JULY 29TH, 1692
SARAH WILDES WAS EXECUTED BY HANGING
ON 13TH MAY 1692, SARAH WAS TRANSFERRED TO THE BOSTON GAOL.
SHE WAS TRANSFERRED BACK TO SALEM ON 18 JUNE, ALONG WITH GEORGE BURROUGHS, GEORGE JACOBS, SR., GILES AND MARTHA COREY, ANN PUDEATOR, SARAH CLOYSE, SARAH ROOT, AND DORCAS HOAR

JOHN WILLARD

D. AUGUST 19TH, 1692
JOHN WAS EXECUTION BY HANGING
ON MAY 11, 1692, A WARRANT WAS ISSUED FOR THE ARREST OF JOHN WILLARD
ACCUSATIONS CAME FROM MERCY LEWIS
HE GOT THE BLAME FOR THE DEATH OF ANN PUTNAMS BABY DAUGHTERS DEATH

ABIGAIL WILLIAM

B. JULY 12TH, 1680
ABIGAIL WAS THE NIECE TO SAMUEL PARRIS
COUSIN OF ELIZABETH PARRIS
ABIGAIL WAS ELEVEN YEARS OLD AT THE TIME AND SHE WAS LIVING WITH HER UNCLE SAMUEL PARRIS IN SALEM AFTER NATIVE AMERICANS MURDERED HER PARENTS DURING A RAID.
ABIGAIL WILLIAMS ACCUSED A GREAT MANY PEOPLE OF WITCHCRAFT, BUT ONLY TOOK PART IN EIGHT OF THE TRIALS

WAIT WINTHROP

LIFETIME 27TH FEBRUARY 1641/42 – 7TH NOVEMBER 1710
WAIT WAS THE GRANDSON OF JOHN WINTHROP, A LEADING FOUNDER OF THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY
HE WAS ONE OF THE INITIAL APPOINTEES AS AN ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF THE SUPERIOR COURT OF JUDICATURE,

TUDOR ROSE

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